SQL Order By

In this tutorial you will learn how to sort data returned by a SELECT query in SQL.

## Ordering the Result Set
Generally when you use the SELECT statement to fetch data from a table, the rows in result set are not in any particular order. If you want your result set in a particular order, you can specify the ORDER BY clause at the end of the statement which tells the server how to sort the data returned by the query. The default sorting order is ascending.

## Syntax
The ORDER BY clause is used to sort the data returned by a query in ascending or descending order. The basic syntax of this clause can be given with:

```sql
SELECT column_list FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name ASC|DESC;
```
Here, column_list are the names of columns/fields like name, age, country etc. of a database table whose values you want to fetch, whereas the column_name is name of the column you want to sort. Let's check out some examples that demonstrate how it actually works.

Consider we've an employees table in our database that has following records:

```
+--------+--------------+------------+--------+---------+
| emp_id | emp_name     | hire_date  | salary | dept_id |
+--------+--------------+------------+--------+---------+
|      1 | Ethan Hunt   | 2001-05-01 |   5000 |       4 |
|      2 | Tony Montana | 2002-07-15 |   6500 |       1 |
|      3 | Sarah Connor | 2005-10-18 |   8000 |       5 |
|      4 | Rick Deckard | 2007-01-03 |   7200 |       3 |
|      5 | Martin Blank | 2008-06-24 |   5600 |    NULL |
+--------+--------------+------------+--------+---------+
```
### Sorting Single Column
The following SQL statement will return all the employees from the employees table and orders the result set by the emp_name column in ascending order.

```sql
SELECT * FROM employees 
ORDER BY emp_name ASC;
```
You can skip the ASC option and simply use the following syntax. It returns the same result set as previous statement, because the default sorting order is ascending:

```sql
SELECT * FROM employees 
ORDER BY emp_name;
```
After executing the above command, you'll get the output something like this:

```
+--------+--------------+------------+--------+---------+
| emp_id | emp_name     | hire_date  | salary | dept_id |
+--------+--------------+------------+--------+---------+
|      1 | Ethan Hunt   | 2001-05-01 |   5000 |       4 |
|      5 | Martin Blank | 2008-06-24 |   5600 |    NULL |
|      4 | Rick Deckard | 2007-01-03 |   7200 |       3 |
|      3 | Sarah Connor | 2005-10-18 |   8000 |       5 |
|      2 | Tony Montana | 2002-07-15 |   6500 |       1 |
+--------+--------------+------------+--------+---------+
```
Similarly, you can use the DESC option to perform a sorting in descending order. The following statement will orders the result set by the numeric salary column in descending order.

```sql
SELECT * FROM employees 
ORDER BY salary DESC;
```
This time, you'll get the result set something like this:

```
+--------+--------------+------------+--------+---------+
| emp_id | emp_name     | hire_date  | salary | dept_id |
+--------+--------------+------------+--------+---------+
|      3 | Sarah Connor | 2005-10-18 |   8000 |       5 |
|      4 | Rick Deckard | 2007-01-03 |   7200 |       3 |
|      2 | Tony Montana | 2002-07-15 |   6500 |       1 |
|      5 | Martin Blank | 2008-06-24 |   5600 |    NULL |
|      1 | Ethan Hunt   | 2001-05-01 |   5000 |       4 |
+--------+--------------+------------+--------+---------+
```
## Sorting Multiple Columns
You can also specify multiple columns while sorting. However, the change in result set will not visible until you've some duplicate values in your table. Well, let's find out:

To understand the multi-column sorting in a better way, let's assume that we've a table named trainees in our database with the following records:

```
+----+------------+------------+-------------+--------+
| id | first_name | last_name  | birth_date  | gender |
+----+------------+------------+-------------+--------+
|  1 | Peter      | Parker     | 1998-03-04  |  M     |
|  2 | Harry      | Potter     | 2001-08-30  |  M     |
|  3 | Peter      | Pan        | 2004-09-19  |  M     |
|  4 | Alice      | Kingsleigh | 1999-07-02  |  F     |
|  5 | John       | Connor     | 2002-01-15  |  M     |
+----+------------+------------+-------------+--------+
```
If you see the table carefully, you'll find that we've some duplicate values. However, the full name of the trainee "Peter Parker" and "Peter Pan" are different but their first names are same.

Now execute the following command which orders the result set by the first_name column.

```sql
SELECT * FROM trainees 
ORDER BY first_name;
```
After execution, you'll get the output something like this:

```
+----+------------+------------+-------------+--------+
| id | first_name | last_name  | birth_date  | gender |
+----+------------+------------+-------------+--------+
|  4 | Alice      | Kingsleigh | 1999-07-02  |  F     |
|  2 | Harry      | Potter     | 2001-08-30  |  M     |
|  5 | John       | Connor     | 2002-01-15  |  M     |
|  1 | Peter      | Parker     | 1998-03-04  |  M     |
|  3 | Peter      | Pan        | 2004-09-19  |  M     |
+----+------------+------------+-------------+--------+
```
Now execute this statement which orders the result set by first_name and last_name columns.

```sql
SELECT * FROM trainees 
ORDER BY first_name, last_name;
```

```
+----+------------+------------+-------------+--------+
| id | first_name | last_name  | birth_date  | gender |
+----+------------+------------+-------------+--------+
|  4 | Alice      | Kingsleigh | 1999-07-02  |  F     |
|  2 | Harry      | Potter     | 2001-08-30  |  M     |
|  5 | John       | Connor     | 2002-01-15  |  M     |
|  3 | Peter      | Pan        | 2004-09-19  |  M     |
|  1 | Peter      | Parker     | 1998-03-04  |  M     |
+----+------------+------------+-------------+--------+
```
Did you notice the difference between the previous and the current result set — this time the record of the trainee "Peter Parker" comes after the "Peter Pan".

Since the first name of both the trainees are same which is "Peter", so the second level ordering is performed at the last_name column for these two trainees that's why the record of the trainee "Peter Parker" comes after the "Peter Pan".

<div class="callout callout-info mb-3">Note: When multiple sort columns are specified, the result set is initially sorted by the first column and then that ordered list is sorted by the second column, and so on.</div>